Composite Materials: Design and Applications, Third Edition

 

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Author

Section I: Principles of Construction

Composite Materials: Interest and Physical Properties

What Is a Composite Material?

Broad Definition

Main Features

Fibers and Matrices

Fibers

Materials for Matrices

What Can Be Made Using Composite Materials?

A Typical Example of Interest

Some Examples of Classical Design Replaced by Composite Solutions

Main Physical Properties

Manufacturing Processes

Molding Processes

Contact Molding

Compression Molding

Vacuum Molding

Resin Injection Molding

Injection Molding with Prepreg

Foam Injection Molding

Molding of Hollow Axisymmetric Components

Other Forming Processes

Sheet Forming

Profile Forming

Forming by Stamping

Preforming by Three-Dimensional Assembly

Automated Tape Laying and Fiber Placement

Practical Considerations on Manufacturing Processes

Acronyms

Cost Comparison

Ply Properties

Isotropy and Anisotropy

Isotropic Materials

Anisotropic Material

Characteristics of the Reinforcement/Matrix Mixture

Fiber Mass Fraction

Fiber Volume Fraction

Mass Density of a Ply

Ply Thickness

Unidirectional Ply

Elastic Modulus

Ultimate Strength of a Ply

Examples

Examples of High-Performance Unidirectional Plies

Woven Ply

Forms of Woven Fabrics

Elastic Modulus of Fabric Layer

Examples of Balanced Fabric/Epoxy

Mats and Reinforced Matrices

Mats

Example: A Summary of Glass/Epoxy Layers

Microspherical Fillers

Other Classical Reinforcements

Multidimensional Fabrics

Example: A 4D Architecture of Carbon Reinforcement

Example: Three-Dimensional Carbon/Carbon Components

Metal Matrix Composites

Some Examples

Unidirectional Fibers/Aluminum Matrix

Biocomposite Materials

Natural Plant Fibers

Natural Vegetable Fiber–Reinforced Composites

Manufacturing Processes

Nanocomposite Materials

Nanoreinforcement

Nanocomposite Material

Mechanical Applications

Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials

Tests

Sandwich Structures

What Is a Sandwich Structure?

Their Properties Are Surprising

Constituent Materials

Simplified Flexure

Stress

Displacements

Some Special Features of Sandwich Structures

Comparison of Mass for the Same Flexural Rigidity 〈EI〉

Deterioration by Buckling of Sandwich Structures

Other Types of Damage

Manufacturing and Design Problems

Example of Core Material: Honeycomb

Shaping Processes

Inserts and Attachment Fittings

Repair of Laminated Facings

Nondestructive Inspection

Main Nondestructive Inspection Methods

Acoustic Emission Testing

Conception: Design and Drawing

Drawing a Composite Part

Specific Properties

Guide Values of Presizing

Laminate

Unidirectional Layers and Fabrics

Correct Ply Orientation

Laminate Drawing Code

Arrangement of Plies

Failure of Laminates

Damages

Most Frequently Used Criterion: Tsai–Hill Failure Criterion

Presizing of the Laminate

Modulus of Elasticity—Deformation of a Laminate

Case of Simple Loading

Complex Loading Case: Approximative Proportions according to Orientations

Complex Loading Case: Optimum Composition of a Laminate

Notes for Practical Use Concerning Laminates

Conception: Fastening and Joining

Riveting and Bolting

Local Loss of Strength

Main Failure Modes in Bolted Joints of Composite Materials

Sizing of the Joint

Riveting

Bolting

Bonding

Adhesives Used

Geometry of the Bonded Joints

Sizing of the Bonding Surface Area

Case of Bonded Joint with Cylindrical Geometry

Examples of Bonding

Inserts

Case of Sandwich Parts

Case of Parts under Uniaxial Loads

Composite Materials and Aerospace Construction

Aircraft

Composite Components in Aircraft

Allocation of Composites Depending on Their Nature

Few Comments

Specific Aspects of Structural Strength

Large Transport Aircraft

Regional Aircraft and Business Jets

Light Aircraft

Fighter Aircraft

Architecture and Manufacture of Composite Aircraft Parts

Braking Systems

Helicopters

Situation

Composite Areas

Blades

Rotor Hub

Other Working Composite Parts

Airplane Propellers

Propellers for Conventional Aerodynamics

High-Speed Propellers

Aircraft Reaction Engine

Employed Materials

Refractory Composites

Space Applications

Satellites

Propellant Tanks and Pressure Vessels

Nozzles

Other Composite Components for Space Application

Composite Materials for Various Applications

Comparative Importance of Composites in Applications

Relative Importance in terms of Mass and Market Value

Mass of Composites Implemented according to the Geographical Area

Average Prices

Composite Materials and Automotive Industry

Introduction

Composite Parts

Research and Development

Motor Racing

Wind Turbines

Components

Manufacturing Processes

Composites and Shipbuilding

Competition

Vessels

Sports and Leisure

Skis

Bicycles

Tennis Rackets

Diverse Applications

Pressure Gas Bottle

Bogie Frame

Tubes for Offshore Installations

Biomechanical Applications

Cable Car

Section II: Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Materials

Anisotropic Elastic Medium

Some Reminders

Continuum Mechanics

Number of Distinct φijkℓ Terms

Orthotropic Material

Transversely Isotropic Material

Elastic Constants of Unidirectional Composites

Longitudinal Modulus Eℓ

Poisson Coefficient

Transverse Modulus Et

Shear Modulus Gℓt

Thermoelastic Properties

Isotropic Material: Recall

Case of Unidirectional Composite

Thermomechanical Behavior of a Unidirectional Layer

Elastic Constants of a Ply in Any Direction

Flexibility Coefficients

Stiffness Coefficients

Case of Thermomechanical Loading

Flexibility Coefficients

Stiffness Coefficients

Mechanical Behavior of Thin Laminated Plates

Laminate with Midplane Symmetry

Membrane Behavior

Apparent Elastic Moduli of the Laminate

Consequence: Practical Determination of a Laminate Subject to Membrane Loading

Flexure Behavior

Consequence: Practical Determination of a Laminate Subject to Flexure

Simplified Calculation for Bending

Thermomechanical Loading Case

Laminate without Midplane Symmetry

Coupled Membrane–Flexure Behavior

Case of Thermomechanical Loading

Section III: Justifications, Composite Beams, and Thick Laminated Plates

Elastic Coefficients

Elastic Coefficients for an Orthotropic Material

Reminders

Elastic Behavior Equation in Orthotropic Axes

Elastic Coefficients for a Transverse Isotropic Material

Elastic Behavior Equation

Rotation about an Orthotropic Transverse Axis

Case of a Ply

Damage in Composite Parts; Failure Criteria

Damage in Composite Parts

Industrial Emphasis of the Problem

Influence of Manufacturing Process

Typical Area and Singularities in a Same Part

Degradation Process within the Typical Area

Form of a Failure Criterion

Features of a Failure Criterion

General Form of a Failure Criterion

Linear Failure Criterion

Quadratic Failure Criterion

Tsai–Hill Failure Criterion

Isotropic Material: The von Mises Criterion

Orthotropic Material: Tsai–Hill Criterion

Evolution of Strength Properties of a Unidirectional Ply Depending on the Direction of Solicitation

Bending of Composite Beams of Any Section Shape

Bending of Beams with Isotropic Phases and Plane of Symmetry

Degrees of Freedom

Price subject to change without notice
Copyright © 2014 Engineering Standards Bureau. All Rights Reserved.
Developed By Zoom Into Web